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Practice

Order a code-reading workflow

Arrange a disciplined workflow for predicting a short Python snippet's output.

Python hand trace

Follow the statements that execute, one state change at a time

  1. InputsRecord initial values
  2. PathFollow indentation and branches
  3. StateRecord each assignment
  4. CallsBind arguments and trace returns
  5. OutputState the final observed value
  6. CheckRepeat the trace independently

A reliable prediction starts with inputs, respects indentation and control flow, records assignments, and separates returned values from printed output.

Arrange in the correct order
  1. 1. Check the prediction with a second manual pass
  2. 2. State the final returned or printed value
  3. 3. Record every relevant state change
  4. 4. Follow only the statements that execute
  5. 5. Identify inputs and initial values