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Practice

Choose bounded causal language

An observational comparison finds that users of a new checklist had fewer errors, but assignment was not controlled. Which wording is best?

Causal evidence ladder

Timing is necessary, but alternatives still need testing

  1. ObserveDescribe the outcome
  2. SequenceCause must come first
  3. MechanismExplain the pathway
  4. CompareUse equivalent cases
  5. AlternativesMeasure other changes
  6. BoundUse evidence-sized language

A causal interpretation grows stronger when sequence, mechanism, fair comparison, repeated evidence, and competing explanations agree.

Choose one answer