Free practice · single-choice · medium
Practice
Check causal time order
A proposed cause was introduced after the measured improvement had already begun. What is the main reasoning problem?
Causal evidence ladder
Timing is necessary, but alternatives still need testing
- ObserveDescribe the outcome
- SequenceCause must come first
- MechanismExplain the pathway
- CompareUse equivalent cases
- AlternativesMeasure other changes
- BoundUse evidence-sized language
A causal interpretation grows stronger when sequence, mechanism, fair comparison, repeated evidence, and competing explanations agree.