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Practice
Match causal concepts
Match each causal-reasoning concept to its meaning.
Causal evidence ladder
Timing is necessary, but alternatives still need testing
- ObserveDescribe the outcome
- SequenceCause must come first
- MechanismExplain the pathway
- CompareUse equivalent cases
- AlternativesMeasure other changes
- BoundUse evidence-sized language
A causal interpretation grows stronger when sequence, mechanism, fair comparison, repeated evidence, and competing explanations agree.