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Practice

Order a causal review

Arrange a reliable workflow for examining a causal claim.

Causal evidence ladder

Timing is necessary, but alternatives still need testing

  1. ObserveDescribe the outcome
  2. SequenceCause must come first
  3. MechanismExplain the pathway
  4. CompareUse equivalent cases
  5. AlternativesMeasure other changes
  6. BoundUse evidence-sized language

A causal interpretation grows stronger when sequence, mechanism, fair comparison, repeated evidence, and competing explanations agree.

Arrange in the correct order
  1. 1. State the evidence boundary
  2. 2. Test competing explanations
  3. 3. Use a fair comparison
  4. 4. Describe the plausible mechanism
  5. 5. Confirm the proposed cause came first
  6. 6. Define and measure the outcome