Free practice · boolean · easy
Practice
Reject an automatic causal leap
If outcome B happens after event A, that timing alone proves A caused B.
Causal evidence ladder
Timing is necessary, but alternatives still need testing
- ObserveDescribe the outcome
- SequenceCause must come first
- MechanismExplain the pathway
- CompareUse equivalent cases
- AlternativesMeasure other changes
- BoundUse evidence-sized language
A causal interpretation grows stronger when sequence, mechanism, fair comparison, repeated evidence, and competing explanations agree.