Recall
Set 1: Quick Check
Distinguish association, causation, confounding, and selection bias.
Distinguish association from causation and identify sampling, selection, and measurement limitations.
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Chapter practice
10 activities · 80% mastery target
Recall
Distinguish association, causation, confounding, and selection bias.
Guided application
Calculate survey evidence and investigate credible alternative explanations.
Hands-on
Review an ad-spend pattern and select designs that could reduce uncertainty.
Independent check
Reject unsupported causal claims and disclose sampling, measurement, and time limits.